Based on ERAinterim reanalysis data from 2009 to 2018, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of cloud liquid water content and cloud ice water content in Qinghai were analyzed. The results show that both cloud liquid water content and cloud ice water content increased from northwest to southeast. Cloud water resources were concentrated in the southern part of Yushu, southeastern part of Guoluo and Qilian mountain areas, where they were highest in summer and autumn and could reach 60～70 g·m-2. Cloud liquid water content and cloud ice water content increased firstly and then decreased with increasing altitude. Cloud liquid water content was concentrated at a height of 4 to 6 km, and cloud ice water content was concentrated at a height of 7 to 8 km. The altitude with the maximum cloud ice water content was higher than that with the maximum cloud liquid water content. In summer and autumn, the amplitudes of vertical variation of cloud liquid water content and cloud ice water content were biggest in Qinghai southern plateau, while they were smallest in Qaidam Basin. Cloud liquid water content and cloud ice water content in most parts of Qinghai increased from 2009 to 2018 and the increasing trend in autumn was most obvious. Cloud liquid water content and cloud ice water content was highest in September and lowest in January. The differences in monthly variations of cloud liquid water content and cloud ice water content in Qaidam Basin were smallest. The difference in monthly variations of cloud liquid water content in eastern agricultural region was biggest, while the difference in monthly variations of cloud ice water content in Qinghai southern plateau was biggest.

Based on hourly precipitation data from 96 meteorological stations during the flood season from 1980 to 2018 in Hunan Province, the occurrence frequency and contribution rate to the total precipitation amount were used as important indicators, and the spatialtemporal evolution characteristics of precipitation structure in Hunan Province during the flood season were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The occurrence frequency of rainfall events decreased by power function with increasing durations, while its contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of rainfall events increased linearly with increasing duration. The occurrence frequency of short duration rainfall event was high, while its contribution rate to the total precipitation amount was low. The occurrence frequency of long duration rainfall event was low, but contribution rate to the total precipitation amount was high and long duration rainfall event was the main body of precipitation in flood seasons. Both the occurrence frequency and contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of short duration rainfall events  were higher in southern Hunan than in northern Hunan, while the occurrence frequency and contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of long duration rainfall events were higher in northern Hunan than in southern Hunan. (2) In the past 10 years, both the occurrence frequency and contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of short duration rainfall events increased linearly, while the occurrence frequency and contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of long duration rainfall events decreased linearly. (3) Occurrence frequency of all rainfall events decreased by power function with increasing precipitation levels, while contribution rate to the total precipitation amount increased linearly with increasing precipitation levels. Although the occurrence frequency of torrential rainfall event was low, while it was the main contributor to precipitation during the flood season. The occurrence frequency and contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of light to moderate rainfall events were generally higher in southern Hunan than in northern Hunan, while the occurrence frequency and contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of heavy to torrential rainfall events were higher in northern Hunan than in southern Hunan.  (4) The interannual variation of occurrence frequency of light to heavy rainfall events was not significant, but the occurrence frequency of the torrential rain event increased significantly, while the interannual variation of contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of light rainfall events was not significant, but for moderate rain to heavy rainfall event it showed a significant downward trend, and contribution rate to the total precipitation amount of torrential rainfall events showed a significant upward trend.

Based on daily temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, cloud coverage data in Lishui of Zhejiang Province during 1971-2018, according to the holiday climate index grading standard, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of HCI and holiday climate suitability of Lishui by using mathematical statistics method in order to evaluate the holiday climate environment. The results show that the average HCI was 69.7 in Lishui, which belonged to the “appropriate” level. The holiday climate was favorable from April to May (HCI=72.2) and from September to November (HCI=76.1), and it was the best in October (HCI=80.6). The holiday climate “suitable and above” days were 258.1 d, “general and acceptable (HCI=40-59)” days were 83.2 d, all showed a slow decreasing trend. The “unsuitable and below” days were 24.0 d, showing a significant increasing trend. The holiday climate environment was superior in the northeast Jinyun from April to May, and it was the best in the southwest Qingyuan from September to November.

In recent years, the rainstorm occurred frequently in Zhuzhou of Hunan Province, which caused increasingly serious urban water-logging, and the rainstorm parameters of drain and flood control design had changed obviously. Based on minutely precipitation from 1963 to 2017 at Zhuzhou weather station, the samples of annual maximum precipitation with sixteen durations were selected by using the moving average method, and the variation characteristics of designed rainstorm intensity and pattern before and after climate abrupt change in Zhuzhou were discussed. The results show that rainstorm days and annual maximum precipitation had an obvious abrupt change in 1983 in Zhuzhou of Hunan Province. After the mutation, rainstorm days increased and rainstorm intensity strengthened, which caused the increase of extreme precipitation events in Zhuzhou. Before the mutation, the change trends of annual maximum precipitation with different durations were inconsistent and non-significant, while they showed obvious increasing tendency after the mutation, and the precipitation with duration 120 minutes and above passed the significance test. The precipitation of rainstorm with different durations increased under different recurrence periods after the mutation, and the difference of precipitation before and after the mutation increased with increase of recurrence period and extension of duration. The position and precipitation of rain peak for short-time and long-time rainstorm pattern moved forward and increased after the mutation, respectively, which partly explained why the water-logging was frequent in Zhuzhou in recent years.